JVM常量池小解
前言
今日,同事问我一个问题,以下java代码输出什么:
String s1 = "hello world";
String s2 = "hello" + " " + "world";
System.out.println(s1 == s2); //true
沉思了一下,依我的编码经验给出了结果为true,辣么他接着问这是为什么,于是乎我就说常量是在编译期间存放在常量池中的,他接着问什么是常量池,都有什么东西存放在里面?
综上所述 ,引出了今天我们的问题 什么是常量池 ?
定义
Run-Time Constant Pool
A run-time constant pool is a per-class or per-interface run-time representation of the constant_pool table in a class file. It contains several kinds of constants, ranging from numeric literals known at compile-time to method and field references that must be resolved at run-time. The run-time constant pool serves a function similar to that of a symbol table for a conventional programming language, although it contains a wider range of data than a typical symbol table.
运行时常量池 (Runtime Constant Pool) 是每一个类或接口的常量池(Constant_Pool)的运行时表示形式,它包括了若干种不同的常量:从编译期可知的数值字面量到必须运行 期解析后才能获得的方法或字段引用。运行时常量池扮演了类似传统语言中符号表 (Symbol Table) 的角色，不过它存储数据范围比通常意义上的符号表要更为广泛。
The Constant Pool
Java Virtual Machine instructions do not rely on the run-time layout of classes, interfaces, class instances, or arrays. Instead, instructions refer to symbolic information in the constant_pool table.
Java 虚拟机指令执行时不依赖与类、接口,实例或数组的运行时布局,而是依赖常量池(constant_pool)表中的符号信息
以上是jvm规范中定义的,简单点来说: 在程序运行期间有块区域叫运行时常量池,运行时常量池里面存储着一些常量池结构的数据(每个结构里面都是class文件中的某种类型的字面量)
结构
cp_info {
u1 tag;
u1 info[];
}jvm规定了不同的tag值和不同类型的字面量对应关系,如下图所示:
| Constant Type | Value |
|---|---|
| CONSTANT_Class | 7 |
| CONSTANT_Fieldref | 9 |
| CONSTANT_Methodref | 10 |
| CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref | 11 |
| CONSTANT_String | 8 |
| CONSTANT_Integer | 3 |
| CONSTANT_Float | 4 |
| CONSTANT_Long | 5 |
| CONSTANT_Double | 6 |
| CONSTANT_NameAndType | 12 |
| CONSTANT_Utf8 | 1 |
| CONSTANT_MethodHandle | 15 |
| CONSTANT_MethodType | 16 |
| CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic | 18 |
此次只分析基本类型与String:
CONSTANT_String_info
CONSTANT_String_info {
u1 tag;
u2 string_index;
}u1表示1个无符号字节,u2表示2个无符号字节
tag: 8
string_index: 指向CONSTANT_Utf8_info结构体
CONSTANT_Utf8_info
CONSTANT_Utf8_info {
u1 tag;
u2 length;
u1 bytes[length];
}u1表示1个无符号字节,u2表示2个无符号字节
tag: 1
length: utf-8编码的字节数组的长度 bytes[lenth]: utf-8编码的字节数组
CONSTANT_Integer_info
CONSTANT_Integer_info {
u1 tag;
u4 bytes;
}u1表示1个无符号字节,u4表示4个无符号字节
tag: 3
bytes: int常量的值
CONSTANT_Float_info
CONSTANT_Float_info {
u1 tag;
u4 bytes;
}u1表示1个无符号字节,u4表示4个无符号字节
tag: 4
bytes: float常量的值
CONSTANT_Long_info
CONSTANT_Long_info {
u1 tag;
u4 high_bytes;
u4 low_bytes;
}u1表示1个无符号字节,u4表示4个无符号字节
tag: 5
CONSTANT_Double_info
CONSTANT_Double_info {
u1 tag;
u4 high_bytes;
u4 low_bytes;
}u1表示1个无符号字节,u4表示4个无符号字节
tag: 6
bytecode op
有人可能就奇怪了,怎么少了byte/short/char/boolean这几个基本类型的呢?
jvm在此处有对应的指令支持:
| 类型 | 范围 | 指令 |
|---|---|---|
| boolean | [0, 1] | iconst_n |
| byte | [-128, 127] | iconst_m1, iconst_n, bipush |
| short | [-32768, 32767] | iconst_m1, iconst_n, bipush, sipush |
| char | [0, 65535] | iconst_m1,iconst_n, bipush, sipush, ldc |
| int | [-2147483648, 2147483647] | iconst_m1, iconst_n, bipush, sipush, ldc |
byte,short,char其实都是int与boolean类似.也是在编译时就已经变成了int,然后执行int的一些操作符。
测试
public static void main(String[] args) {
// boolean
boolean booltrue = true;
boolean boolfalse = false;
// byte
byte byte_2 = -2;
byte byte_1 = -1; // -1是 iconst_m1
byte byte0 = 0;
byte byte1 = 1;
byte byte2 = 2;
byte byte3 = 3;
byte byte4 = 4;
byte byte5 = 5;
byte byte6 = 6; // [0, 5]是 iconst_n 的范围,超出部分用bipush
// short
short short_2 = -2;
short short_1 = -1;
short short0 = 0;
short short1 = 1;
short short2 = 2;
short short3 = 3;
short short4 = 4;
short short5 = 5;
short short6 = 6;
short short12 = 12;
short short127 = 127;
short short128 = 128; //从 128开始,超出push的能力,换用sipush
short short_32768 = -32768;
short short32766 = 32766;
short short32767 = 32767; //sipush能表示的范围和 short 一样
// char
char char0 = 0;
char char1 = 1;
char char2 = 2;
char char3 = 3;
char char4 = 4;
char char5 = 5;
char char6 = 6;
char char12 = 12;
char char127 = 127;
char char128 = 128;
char char32766 = 32766;
char char32767 = 32767;
char char32768 = 32768; //超出 sipush 能表示的范围, 所以只能用ldc
char char65535 = 65535;
// int
int int_2 = -2;
int int_1 = -1;
int int0 = 0;
int int1 = 1;
int int2 = 2;
int int3 = 3;
int int4 = 4;
int int5 = 5;
int int6 = 6;
int int_129 = -129;
int int_128 = -128;
int int_127 = -127;
int int127 = 127;
int int128 = 128;
int int255 = 255;
int int256 = 256;
int int257 = 257;
int int_32769 = -32769;
int int_32768 = -32768;
int int32766 = 32766;
int int32767 = 32767;
int int32768 = 32768;
int int65534 = 65534;
int int65535 = 65535;
// long (除了0,1 均是ldc(ldc2_w))
long long_2 = -2;
long long_1 = -1;
long long0 = 0; // lconst_0
long long1 = 1; // lconst_1
long long2 = 2;
long long3 = 3;
long long4 = 4;
long long5 = 5;
long long6 = 6;
long long_129 = -129;
long long_128 = -128;
long long_127 = -127;
long long127 = 127;
long long128 = 128;
long long255 = 255;
long long256 = 256;
long long257 = 257;
long long_32769 = -32769;
long long_32768 = -32768;
long long32766 = 32766;
long long32767 = 32767;
long long32768 = 32768;
long long65534 = 65534;
long long65535 = 65535;
long long165536 = 165536;
}javap结果
Classfile /Users/oatiz/IdeaProjects/xxx-daas/daas-test/src/main/java/com/xxx/daas/test/StringTest.class
Last modified 2018-10-16; size 1230 bytes
MD5 checksum 99b3a33d2192b639186f350eacc0aac2
Compiled from "StringTest.java"
public class com.xxx.daas.test.StringTest
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #53.#62 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Integer 32768
#3 = Integer 65535
#4 = Integer -32769
#5 = Integer 65534
#6 = Long -2l
#8 = Long -1l
#10 = Long 2l
#12 = Long 3l
#14 = Long 4l
#16 = Long 5l
#18 = Long 6l
#20 = Long -129l
#22 = Long -128l
#24 = Long -127l
#26 = Long 127l
#28 = Long 128l
#30 = Long 255l
#32 = Long 256l
#34 = Long 257l
#36 = Long -32769l
#38 = Long -32768l
#40 = Long 32766l
#42 = Long 32767l
#44 = Long 32768l
#46 = Long 65534l
#48 = Long 65535l
#50 = Long 165536l
#52 = Class #63 // com/xxx/daas/test/StringTest
#53 = Class #64 // java/lang/Object
#54 = Utf8 <init>
#55 = Utf8 ()V
#56 = Utf8 Code
#57 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#58 = Utf8 main
#59 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#60 = Utf8 SourceFile
#61 = Utf8 StringTest.java
#62 = NameAndType #54:#55 // "<init>":()V
#63 = Utf8 com/xxx/daas/test/StringTest
#64 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
{
public com.xxx.daas.test.StringTest();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=115, args_size=1
0: iconst_1
1: istore_1
2: iconst_0
3: istore_2
4: bipush -2
6: istore_3
7: iconst_m1
8: istore 4
10: iconst_0
11: istore 5
13: iconst_1
14: istore 6
16: iconst_2
17: istore 7
19: iconst_3
20: istore 8
22: iconst_4
23: istore 9
25: iconst_5
26: istore 10
28: bipush 6
30: istore 11
32: bipush -2
34: istore 12
36: iconst_m1
37: istore 13
39: iconst_0
40: istore 14
42: iconst_1
43: istore 15
45: iconst_2
46: istore 16
48: iconst_3
49: istore 17
51: iconst_4
52: istore 18
54: iconst_5
55: istore 19
57: bipush 6
59: istore 20
61: bipush 12
63: istore 21
65: bipush 127
67: istore 22
69: sipush 128
72: istore 23
74: sipush -32768
77: istore 24
79: sipush 32766
82: istore 25
84: sipush 32767
87: istore 26
89: iconst_0
90: istore 27
92: iconst_1
93: istore 28
95: iconst_2
96: istore 29
98: iconst_3
99: istore 30
101: iconst_4
102: istore 31
104: iconst_5
105: istore 32
107: bipush 6
109: istore 33
111: bipush 12
113: istore 34
115: bipush 127
117: istore 35
119: sipush 128
122: istore 36
124: sipush 32766
127: istore 37
129: sipush 32767
132: istore 38
134: ldc #2 // int 32768
136: istore 39
138: ldc #3 // int 65535
140: istore 40
142: bipush -2
144: istore 41
146: iconst_m1
147: istore 42
149: iconst_0
150: istore 43
152: iconst_1
153: istore 44
155: iconst_2
156: istore 45
158: iconst_3
159: istore 46
161: iconst_4
162: istore 47
164: iconst_5
165: istore 48
167: bipush 6
169: istore 49
171: sipush -129
174: istore 50
176: bipush -128
178: istore 51
180: bipush -127
182: istore 52
184: bipush 127
186: istore 53
188: sipush 128
191: istore 54
193: sipush 255
196: istore 55
198: sipush 256
201: istore 56
203: sipush 257
206: istore 57
208: ldc #4 // int -32769
210: istore 58
212: sipush -32768
215: istore 59
217: sipush 32766
220: istore 60
222: sipush 32767
225: istore 61
227: ldc #2 // int 32768
229: istore 62
231: ldc #5 // int 65534
233: istore 63
235: ldc #3 // int 65535
237: istore 64
239: ldc2_w #6 // long -2l
242: lstore 65
244: ldc2_w #8 // long -1l
247: lstore 67
249: lconst_0
250: lstore 69
252: lconst_1
253: lstore 71
255: ldc2_w #10 // long 2l
258: lstore 73
260: ldc2_w #12 // long 3l
263: lstore 75
265: ldc2_w #14 // long 4l
268: lstore 77
270: ldc2_w #16 // long 5l
273: lstore 79
275: ldc2_w #18 // long 6l
278: lstore 81
280: ldc2_w #20 // long -129l
283: lstore 83
285: ldc2_w #22 // long -128l
288: lstore 85
290: ldc2_w #24 // long -127l
293: lstore 87
295: ldc2_w #26 // long 127l
298: lstore 89
300: ldc2_w #28 // long 128l
303: lstore 91
305: ldc2_w #30 // long 255l
308: lstore 93
310: ldc2_w #32 // long 256l
313: lstore 95
315: ldc2_w #34 // long 257l
318: lstore 97
320: ldc2_w #36 // long -32769l
323: lstore 99
325: ldc2_w #38 // long -32768l
328: lstore 101
330: ldc2_w #40 // long 32766l
333: lstore 103
335: ldc2_w #42 // long 32767l
338: lstore 105
340: ldc2_w #44 // long 32768l
343: lstore 107
345: ldc2_w #46 // long 65534l
348: lstore 109
350: ldc2_w #48 // long 65535l
353: lstore 111
355: ldc2_w #50 // long 165536l
358: lstore 113
360: return